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BPA

First synthesized in 1891, bisphenol A came into use as a synthetic estrogen in the 1930s. (Yes, a synthetic estrogen.) The shape and size of BPA allows it to fit into, and fool, the receptors in our bodies that recognize estrogen. With the discovery in the 1960s that BPA could be combined with other compounds (like the toxic gas, phosgene) to produce stiff, shatter-resistant plastic, the chemical suddenly had new and almost unlimited potential. Since then it has been used to produce a host of products calling for a clear polycarbonate plastic. Headlights for cars, lenses for eyeglasses, and bottles for babies were a few of them. See-thru pet cages were another. That’s where Patricia Hunt comes in.

In 1998, while working on genetics research at Washington State University, Hunt observed that control mice kept in polycarbonate cages had an unusually high number of chromosomally abnormal eggs. The lab’s investigation revealed that a janitor had been scrubbing the cages, releasing bisphenolA into the animals’ environment. Hunt became a whistle-blower for the dangers of BPA and one of the world’s leading researchers on aneuploidy, the error in cell division that causes spontaneous miscarriages and human birth defects, including Down syndrome. Her research inspired others to experiment with rat models and in the next years BPA was implicated in behavior disorders, heart disease, cancer, obesity, diabetes, and the prostate and neural development of fetuses, infants and children.

In 2006, the National Toxicology Program (NTP) looked at the growing body of evidence on BPA and pronounced the chemical safe, but the next year investigative journalists for the Milwaukee Journal Sentinel decided to take their own look. Their review of 258 studies found that the NTP had missed or selectively ignored many readily available studies which cited harm from BPA while including and giving extra weight to industry-funded studies. Even the financial consultant hired to compile the studies had financial ties to companies that made BPA.

In 2008, the FDA doubled down, declaring again that BPA was safe. But amid the outcry of health advocates and some lawmakers, and in light of additional research associating BPA exposure to cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, and liver enzyme abnormalities in adults, the FDA announced in 2009 that it would review 100 newer studies. In 2010, the agency reversed its earlier stance, citing “some concern” about the potential effects of BPA on the brain, behavior, and prostate gland in fetuses, infants, and young children, and promising to “take steps” to get BPA out of infant formula cans and baby bottles.

While Canada, the European Union countries, Japan, China, and Malaysia have imposed bans on BPA, its use is still legal in all US products.